{"id":9322,"date":"2020-11-05T07:24:54","date_gmt":"2020-11-05T12:24:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/consortechsite.wpengine.com\/before-integrating-cad-data-into-a-gis-make-sure-you-understand-it\/"},"modified":"2021-01-06T11:12:43","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:12:43","slug":"avant-integrer-des-donnes-cad-dans-un-sig-mieux-vaut-les-comprendre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.consortech.com\/fr\/avant-integrer-des-donnes-cad-dans-un-sig-mieux-vaut-les-comprendre\/","title":{"rendered":"Avant d\u2019int\u00e9grer des donn\u00e9es CAD dans un SIG, mieux vaut les comprendre!"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAccueil<\/a><\/span><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Un des d\u00e9fis du travail des g\u00e9omaticiens est d\u2019int\u00e9grer les donn\u00e9es CAD \u00e0 leur SIG. Celles-ci contiennent en effet des donn\u00e9es vitales \u00e0 la bonne gestion de plusieurs organisations. Que ce soit pour des plans d\u2019aqueducs, d\u2019\u00e9gouts, de chauss\u00e9e, de b\u00e2timents ou autres, ceux-ci sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par des ing\u00e9nieurs (ou techniciens) dans un logiciel de dessin ou de conception produisant des donn\u00e9es CAD.<\/p>\n

Comme la nature du travail des ing\u00e9nieurs et des g\u00e9omaticiens diff\u00e8re, ils doivent utiliser des logiciels avec des fonctionnalit\u00e9s et formats diff\u00e9rents. C\u2019est encore plus vrai aujourd\u2019hui avec l\u2019\u00e9volution rapide des fonctionnalit\u00e9s des logiciels, qui accentue le d\u00e9calage entre les deux professions. Pour \u00eatre efficace dans son travail, le g\u00e9omaticien doit donc \u00eatre critique au travail de l\u2019ing\u00e9nieur et surtout, comprendre comment lire et utiliser les donn\u00e9es de type CAD.<\/p>\n

Origine des donn\u00e9es CAD<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Le dessin assist\u00e9 par ordinateur (DAO) est une technologie qui a permis l\u2019\u00e9laboration de plan en format num\u00e9rique. En anglais, on parle de \u00ab\u2009computer aided design<\/em>\u2009\u00bb ou CAD. On associe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la naissance du CAD avec l\u2019arriv\u00e9e d\u2019AutoCAD au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es\u00a01980, bien que la technologie soit en d\u00e9veloppement depuis les ann\u00e9es\u00a01960. L\u2019utilisation du CAD en g\u00e9omatique remonte essentiellement aux m\u00eames ann\u00e9es que la naissance d\u2019AutoCAD. Depuis ce temps, d\u2019autres logiciels sont apparus dont Microstation avec son format DGN, qui s\u2019av\u00e8re le concurrent le plus s\u00e9rieux \u00e0 la dominance d\u2019AutoCAD et son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre format DWG. Aujourd\u2019hui, les logiciels CAD ont beaucoup \u00e9volu\u00e9, incorporant entre autres des objets dynamiques en 3D, tels qu\u2019on en retrouve dans le logiciel AutoCAD Civil\u00a03D.<\/p>\n

Composition et limitations des donn\u00e9es CAD<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Les dessins CAD ont des objectifs diff\u00e9rents d\u2019un plan dessin\u00e9 en g\u00e9omatique. Dans le premier cas, l\u2019accent est mis sur la pr\u00e9cision, les d\u00e9tails de conception et surtout, la clart\u00e9 de lecture et de compr\u00e9hension pour les intervenants qui devront le consulter. C\u2019est pourquoi on y trouve \u00e9galement des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de contexte (ex.\u00a0: d\u00e9but d\u2019un b\u00e2timent, une route \u00e0 proximit\u00e9, etc.), souvent dessin\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re incompl\u00e8te. Pour le plan g\u00e9omatique, comme l\u2019important est essentiellement sa structuration, les donn\u00e9es de contexte s\u2019av\u00e8rent alors inutiles.<\/p>\n

Pour comprendre un fichier CAD, il est utile de savoir que la plupart poss\u00e8dent une structure et qu\u2019on retrouve les diff\u00e9rents types d\u2019informations dans les couches (layers<\/em>) du fichier. De la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que dans un SIG, celles-ci peuvent \u00eatre activ\u00e9es ou d\u00e9sactiv\u00e9es afin de contr\u00f4ler l\u2019affichage des donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

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De plus dans un CAD, la pr\u00e9cision g\u00e9om\u00e9trique et les coordonn\u00e9es ne sont pas toujours requises. Le r\u00e9sultat est atteint si la forme qu\u2019on cherche \u00e0 dessiner est claire \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il humain. \u00c0 l\u2019exception des plans de r\u00e9seaux g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s dans Civil 3D, les r\u00e8gles de topologie ne sont pas obligatoires dans un CAD. Ainsi, il est fr\u00e9quent d\u2019observer des formes s\u2019apparentant \u00e0 des polygones, mais qui ne sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 que des polylignes mal ferm\u00e9es. Il faut porter une grande attention \u00e0 ces anomalies g\u00e9omatiques lorsque l\u2019on entreprend un processus de conversion de donn\u00e9es CAD vers des donn\u00e9es SIG. De plus, plusieurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments g\u00e9om\u00e9triques non support\u00e9s en g\u00e9omatique sont support\u00e9s dans les dessins CAD tels que les arcs, cercles, hachures, etc.<\/p>\n

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Finalement, les informations d\u2019identification et de mesure seront g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement indiqu\u00e9es via des zones de texte \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des entit\u00e9s ou \u00ab\u2009rattach\u00e9es\u2009\u00bb aux entit\u00e9s via une fl\u00e8che. Celles-ci peuvent contenir des informations descriptives int\u00e9ressantes sur les entit\u00e9s qui seront int\u00e9gr\u00e9es au SIG.<\/p>\n

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Comprendre les diff\u00e9rences<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ci-bas un tableau sommaire qui pr\u00e9sente les diff\u00e9rences notables entre les formats CAD et les formats utilis\u00e9s en g\u00e9omatique. \u00c0 sa lecture, on comprend que les avantages de l\u2019un deviennent les d\u00e9savantages de l\u2019autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/th>\n\u00a0Plans CAD (DWG, DXF, DGN, etc.)<\/strong><\/th>\nPlans g\u00e9omatiques (formats SHP, FGDB, bases de donn\u00e9es, etc.)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Objectif<\/strong><\/td>\nCapacit\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er des dessins d\u00e9taill\u00e9s et surtout compr\u00e9hensible par plusieurs intervenants. L\u2019interaction principale avec le plan sera de le consulter pour r\u00e9aliser la conception. Il n\u2019est pas con\u00e7u pour faire des analyses pouss\u00e9es.<\/td>\n\n

Capacit\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er une structure permettant de faire des requ\u00eates et des analyses.<\/p>\n

On cherche \u00e0 enregistrer de l\u2019information sur des \u00e9l\u00e9ments physiques r\u00e9partis sur le territoire.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Support des g\u00e9om\u00e9tries<\/strong><\/td>\nMultiples g\u00e9om\u00e9tries support\u00e9es : points, lignes, arcs, polygones, hachures, etc.<\/td>\nTrois g\u00e9om\u00e9tries de base\u00a0: points, lignes, polygones. La plupart des \u00e9l\u00e9ments peuvent \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par l\u2019une de ces g\u00e9om\u00e9tries.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Support des informations<\/strong><\/td>\nSe fait par la gestion des couches, la stylisation des \u00e9l\u00e9ments (largeur de trait, couleur, etc.) et par les annotations en mode texte.<\/td>\nChaque entit\u00e9 doit avoir son information rattach\u00e9e dans une table attributaire. Celle-ci contient une liste de tous les identifiants et autres informations pertinentes sur les entit\u00e9s (ex.\u00a0: type de mat\u00e9riel, date d\u2019installation, date de mise \u00e0 jour, etc.).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Autres particularit\u00e9s<\/strong><\/td>\nOn peut combiner toutes les formes sur la m\u00eame couche (layer) sans compromettre le dessin.<\/td>\nLa table attributaire peut \u00eatre dans un fichier distinct (ex\u00a0: SHP et DBF). Dans d\u2019autres cas, comme les bases de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9rence spatiale, la m\u00eame table de donn\u00e9es contient \u00e0 la fois l\u2019information attributaire et la d\u00e9finition g\u00e9om\u00e9trique dans un des champs de la m\u00eame table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Prochaine \u00e9tape : l’int\u00e9gration des donn\u00e9es CAD vers SIG<\/strong><\/h2>\n

En comprenant les objectifs et les logiciels utilis\u00e9s par les ing\u00e9nieurs et techniciens, il est plus facile pour un g\u00e9omaticien de comprendre l\u2019information pr\u00e9sente dans les fichiers CAD. L\u2019int\u00e9gration efficace de ces donn\u00e9es vers le SIG est d\u2019une grande importance pour plusieurs organisations et ces donn\u00e9es doivent naviguer d\u2019un format \u00e0 un autre pour des fins de traitement, d\u2019analyse et de diffusion. Dans un prochain article, nous verrons quels sont les bonnes pratiques et outils pour r\u00e9aliser efficacement les conversions de donn\u00e9es CAD vers SIG.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Vous devez convertir des donn\u00e9es CAD vers un SIG et n\u2019avez pas le luxe d\u2019attendre notre prochain article?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Un des d\u00e9fis du travail du g\u00e9omaticien est d\u2019int\u00e9grer les donn\u00e9es CAD au SIG. 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